Microbiology and Aging : Clinical Manifestations

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this book, ageing is better de?ned as the biological process of growing older. Ageingispartofnaturalhumandevelopment. Asyouwillseethroughoutthisbook, themicrobiologicalburdenonthehostis enormousandclinicallysigni?cant, andwillundoubtedlyhavearoletoplayinthe ageing process. As humans are living longer, there is a greater propensity to infection. This risk is substantially heightened in elderly individuals who are predisposedtoinfection. Whiletheprocessofageinganditseffectsonthehost s microbiology are poorly documented and researched, data obtained from gut studieshaveshownthatmicrobiologicalchangestakeplaceovertimesuggesting signi?cancetothehost. Dothemicrobiologicalchangesthatoccurwithinandupon thehostin?uencetheprocessofageingorisitthebiologicalchangesofthehost thataffectsthemicrobiology?Doesthisthereforeaffectourpropensitytodisease? Asthehost smicrobiologychangeswithageing, isthissigni?cantlybene?cialor severelydetrimentaltothehost?Aretherewaysofenhancinglifeexpectancyby reducingcertainbacteriafromproliferatingorconverselybyenhancingthesurvival ofbene?cialbacteria? Thisbookconsidersthemicrobiologyofthehostindifferentregionsofthebody andhowthesevaryinthedifferentagegroups. Chapter1ofthebookfocuseson ageingtheorieswithChap. 2consideringthehumanindigenous?oraandhowthis isaffectedduringageing. Chapter3highlightsthemaininfectionsassociatedwith anelderlypopulation, whileChap. 4reviewstheprocessofskinageingandits associatedmicrobiology. Chapter5reviewstheageinglungandChap. 6reviews in?uenzaintheelderly. Chapter7highlightsthechangesthatoccurintheoral micro?ora and host defences with advanced age with Chap. 8 reviewing the in?uenceofthegutmicrobiotawithageing. Chapter8focusesonthegutandits associatedimmunity. Theremainingfourchaptersofthebookconsiderclostridium andtheageinggut, Helicobacterpyloriandthehygienehypothesisandthebene?ts of probiotics. The microbiology theory of autism in children is reviewed in vii viii Preface Chap. 13. The?nalchapterofthebookexamineshowthebene?cialmicrobiology ofthehostleadstohumandecomposition. Thisbookencompassesacollectionofreviewsthathighlightthesigni?canceof andthecrucialrolethatmicroorganismsplayinthehumanlifecycle. Flintshire, UK StevenL. Percival Contents 1 AgeingTheories, DiseasesandMicroorganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 StevenL. Percival 2 IndigenousMicrobiotaandAssociationwiththeHost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 JohnG. ThomasandStevenL. Percival 3 InfectionsintheElderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 KnutOhlsen, SvitlanaKozytska, andUdoLorenz 4 SkinAgingandMicrobiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 LeslieBaumann, EdmundWeisberg, andStevenL. Percival 5 LungInfectionsandAging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 SameerK. MathurandKeithC. Meyer 6 In?uenzaintheElderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 CaterinaHatzifotiandAndrewWilliamHeath 7 ChangesinOralMicro?oraandHostDefences withAdvancedAge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 RimondiaS. Percival 8 In?uenceoftheGutMicrobiotawithAgeing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 EileenMurphy, CarolineMurphy, andLiamO Mahony 9 AGutReaction: AgingAffectsGut-AssociatedImmunity . . . . . . . . . . 175 JosephF. AlbrightandJuliaW. Albright 10 ClostridiumandTheAgeingGut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 SarahConnorandStevenL. Percival ix x Contents 11 TheSigni?canceofHelicobacterPyloriAcquisition andtheHygieneHypothesis. . . . . .